Exploring Frankenstein and Prometheus: From Greek Myths to Ridley Scott

The original, complete title of Mary Shelley's masterpiece is Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. We all know what Frankenstein is, although many of our conceptions are wrong (seeing the creature as Frankenstein, for example, or thinking that the community rises up and destroys the creature as a way to defend itself, popular misconceptions derived from film versions, particularly the 1931 Boris Karloff version). Yet we don't know much at all about Prometheus, the other half of the title. The title itself tells us that Frankenstein, the doctor, not the monster, is the modern Prometheus, but what does this analogy mean?

A great essay would compare Frankenstein with the Prometheus myths and explore how Mary Shelley reconceives the Prometheus myth to create a modern Prometheus. As Harriet Hustis points out, there are two primary versions of the Prometheus myth: Hesiod's The Works and Days and Aeschylus's Prometheus Bound. Hesiod's version portrays Prometheus as a trickster while Aeschylus sees Prometheus as someone working to help humankind. However, there are many treatments of the material, from Sappho to Aesop (yes, as in the Fables).

If you're not familiar with Prometheus at all, you have probably at least heard the idea of "stealing fire from heaven." That's Prometheus. But it goes beyond that simple description. In Hesiod, Prometheus is a trickster who challenges Zeus, but in other versions, such as Aeschylus, he is the savior of mankind. Zeus actually wanted to destroy humankind and create his own humanity, but Prometheus stole life and fire back from Zeus and allowed humankind to live on.

Prometheus was the son of two powerful Titans, yet he helped Zeus and the other children of Cronus-the Olympians-overthrow the terrible mad Titan king, their own father, Cronus. But Prometheus took pity on humankind after seeing that Zeus would destroy them. In some accounts, Prometheus actually created mankind out of clay, gave them civilization through writing and science, and then allowed them to live by stealing fire back from Zeus.

His punishment for defying Zeus, though, was to be chained to a rock, his liver eaten by a giant eagle over and over again, every day.

Mary Shelley sees Frankenstein as Prometheus, the man who steals the secrets to create life and puts himself in place of the creator, God. He creates life, but it leads to disastrous consequences. The very name of Frankenstein when used as an adjective describes the creation of something that gets out of control and and becomes destructive or that is used for destructive purposes.

But we can now move into something even more interesting, how Ridley Scott uses these same concepts in his 2012 Alien prequel Prometheus. There, we see the creation of life at the beginning. The aliens (the apparently good ones, not the evil alien creatures from the first movies) create mankind. They cannot foresee what will happen, however. They cannot see how destructive mankind will become. But the destructiveness of mankind really isn't the issue. Instead, the movie focuses on the aliens (again, the good ones) as versions of Prometheus. They continue to play the creator role as they experiment and create the other lifeforms, the typical aliens from the first movies. They create the aliens as a type of weapon, but the creations become too powerful and eventually overcome them. Their creations-the aliens from the original Alien movies-destroy their creators.


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Proof of a Creator - A Rejoinder to Theodore Schick, Jr

This essay is a rejoinder to a paper written by Theodore Schick, Jr., Professor of Philosophy, Muhlenberg College, Allentown, Pennsylvania. The 1998 paper is entitled *"The 'Big Bang' Argument for the Existence of God"* and is a rebuttal to the views held by Hugh Ross, noted astronomer and Christian apologist, as expressed within his book *The Creator and the Cosmos*. The paper was originally published in *Philo, the Journal of the Society of Humanist Philosophers*.

The impetus of Dr. Schick's paper is to discredit Dr. Ross's contention that the acceptance of the theory of the "big bang" as the beginning of the universe implies that it must have had a cause beyond the event itself, and Dr. Schick's corollary contention that such an assertion is nothing but a scientifically updated variation of St. Thomas Aquinas's "uncaused first cause" argument to prove the existence of God. As blasphemous as it might sound coming from a Catholic such as me, I acknowledge that Aquinas's reasoning left something to be desired in this case. I don't contest Dr. Schick's views on this point.

As a Catholic high school student, I once had the effrontery to ask a priest in religion class, "If it is sufficient to assert that 'God always was, always is and always will be' then why can't we just say the same about the universe?" (The priest's response was less than memorable.) In his paper, Dr. Schick echoes my youthful inquisitiveness:

"But if we're willing to admit the existence of uncaused things, why not just admit that the universe is uncaused and cut out the middleman? David Hume wondered the same thing...."

The meat of Dr. Schick's rebuttal to Dr. Ross's views is that Dr. Ross positions a higher dimensional time, a time in which the spacetime that we know and live within was created: the creator's time. Since the big bang is held to be the beginning of time, Dr. Ross argues, that implies it must have had a cause, as did the beginning of everything else. Since the big bang is the beginning of our time, then its cause cannot have been within our time (because an effect must follow its cause); rather, it must have been within the higher dimensional time of the creator that Dr. Ross positions.

Dr. Schick rebuts this argument as follows:

"This argument arrives at the conclusion that the universe has a beginning in time by assuming that the universe has a cause. But the big bang argument uses the premise that the universe has a beginning in time to arrive at the conclusion that the universe has a cause. So Ross is arguing in a circle. He is assuming that the universe has a cause to prove that the universe has a cause. Because Ross begs the question about whether the universe has a cause, he does not succeed in proving the existence of a higher dimensional time, let alone the existence of a transcendental god."

Dr. Schick is correct. It is, therefore, my intention within this essay to attempt to provide the justification that Dr. Ross's argument lacks to assume that the big bang (and, therefore, the universe) had a cause. For the benefit of my argument, I appeal to none other than perhaps the most venerated, self-professed atheist in scientific history, Albert Einstein himself! It is an understatement to judge it ironic that I perceive that such a renowned atheist proved, albeit unwittingly, the existence of God or, more precisely, a creator of at least some sort.


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Essay Writers - 8 Ways to Squeeze Out Creative Juices

Essay writers are known to be artistic, inventive, and imaginative. But they're humans too, they also experience idea block out. It can be due to a lot of different reasons - stress, uninspired, etc. Essay writing, unlike any kind of physical and mental activity, is way more demanding. It requires 100% concentration and 101% creativity.

But the problem lies on squeezing those needed creative juices. While some writers can come up with brilliant ideas in a snap, many struggles on fabricating thoughts to work on. Here are some tips to bringing out the ingenious side of essay writers:

1.Work in a comfortable place
Having a comfortable environment is conducive for brainstorming. Essay writers tend to be more creative when surrounded with the same kind of people. It was also proven that hanging out with creative people can make one a creative person as well. Having such inspiring atmosphere contributes to thinking bright ideas.

2.Read and digest
Reading is a great means to instigate creative ideas. It doesn't matter what subject matter it is. Reading is intellectually stimulating. There are a lot of things to be learned in reading different kinds of materials. The more one gets to read, the more one gets to know. Reading introduces the essay writers to endless writing possibilities.

3.Try something new daily
Experiencing new things opens the door for innovative writing ideas. These new experiences broaden essay writers' perspectives. The more experience, the more room for learning and discovery.

4.Focus on an artistic activity everyday
The idea is to stimulate the creative cells in the mind. Essay writing requires a fully-conditioned creative mind. Doing an artistic activity daily sharpens and hones skills. A regular exercise for the brain manifests its benefits during crunch time.

5.Let the imagination run wild
In imagination, sky is the limit. Weird imagination triggers creative ideas. Exaggerating or the extremes are exciting take off for essay writers aspiring for catchy topics. Imagining is the ultimate brain exercise. Thinking outside the box is key to bring out the eccentric genius in any writer.

6.Practice a little discipline
Many essay writers believe in the idea "write as the mood strikes". But it's not quite healthy. Whatever creative outlet it may be, it is beneficial to set a few minutes each day to continuously stimulate the mind. It doesn't need to be something too major. Doodling is one good form of daily creative activity.

7.Allocate sufficient time 
Cramming is not a good way to outflow ideas. Forcing it out can lead to haphazardly written works. Having ample time to think and plan produces quality essay composition. Many essay writers do not work well under time pressure.


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Magnetic Energy and Its Applications

Magnetic energy or magnetism is the force exerted between the two magnetic poles, producing magnetization. A magnetic field is an area around the magnet where magnetic or electrical force can be experienced and is a vector quantity which has both direction and magnitude.

Any object that can produce its own magnetic field is a magnet and the direction of magnetic field is the alignment of iron filings placed on a paper over a bar magnet. These imaginary lines are useful mathematical calculations and studies. Electrical currents also produce magnetic fields likewise magnetic fields also exert forces on moving electrical charges.

In fact electricity and magnetism are the same and are related by he two phenomena are related by Maxwell's equations. Whereas electro magnetic energy will have both electrical and magnetic components and X rays, infra red rays, visible light and radio waves are all examples of electro magnetic radiation. Though these are basically electromagnetic rays their wavelengths and frequencies are different and hence behave differently. X rays are high frequency and short wavelength rays whereas microwave has longer wavelength and low frequencies.

One form of energy can be converted into another form by using converters like batteries or turbines. For instance in dry cells or batteries chemical energy is converted into electrical energy whereas in hydro electric dam potential energy is converted into electrical energy.

Magnetic energy is a good source of renewable energy, which can be recycled to meet the energy needs of the world without causing pollution and it can also be used for even household energy requirements and then recycle the energy back into the environment without producing pollution. The reputed car maker, "Peugeot' has made use of the same polarity magnetic field application in designing its car, Magnet". Magnetic energy is a great source of energy and a pollution free replacement for fossil fuels, which is the main reason for global warming and degradation of ecosystem.


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Essay Assistance - The Difference Between Success And Failure

The most brilliant scholar in the world will struggle to communicate their thoughts and insights if they do not have a grasp of the language.

Even native english speakers do not necessarily have a full grasp of the written word, and for students writing in a foreign language it is important to put their point across clearly. The nuances of english are well-known, and many words which sound alike have totally different meanings. Mistakes are frequently made with the words "there" and "their" for example, and the difference between "your" and "you're" is subtle but important.

Essay assistance can be vital if you want to succeed in communicating without putting up a barrier between yourself and the reader. You may have done the research work and your thought processes may be clear before you put them down on paper. However, the final hurdle may not be cleared if your essay is littered with ill-chosen words and grammatical mistakes. With essay assistance you can ensure that you do not lose up to one tenth of your marks for an essay, dissertation or thesis. It is unfortunate but true that 10% of your marks can be lost due to bad spelling or grammar, therefore it is also the case that essay assistance will be worth 10% of your potential success.

There is no question that good presentation and accuracy are two of the most fundamental assets which examiners - and employers - will be judging you upon, and without the reassurance and confidence that essay assistance will add to your finished work there could well be disappointment after all of your hard work.

The work will still be your own, of course. There is no element of plagiarism or cheating involved in using the services of essay assistance. Examining bodies allow for the legitimate proofreading of a candidate's work, and this creates a level playing field for students for whom english is not their first language, and also for students whose brilliant grasp of their subject may be counterbalanced by their lesser skills in grammar and spelling.

Naturally there is an educational aspect to this as well. Any student for whom spelling, and grammar as a whole is a stumbling block will instantly be able to see how their work can be improved, often in quite small ways, and learn from this for their future presentations.

There is a highly competitive market for jobs in today's world, and you really do need to make sure you maximise your potential and put yourself at the forefront. So try your best with your research, try your best with your essay planning, try your best with your knowledge of grammar, safe in the knowledge that essay assistance will be there to correct any grammatical mistakes.


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Digital Exam Generators - A Bad Idea

There are several software programs available to teachers today that claim to digitally create standards based tests for teaching units that provide a variety of test question types. While this may be true, and it is quite amazing that these software programs exist, I do not recommend fully depending on any of these programs for testing purposes.

The problem with digital test generators is many of these programs offer a very biased approach to testing on a particular unit. While subjects such as Math or Science may not suffer as greatly from such bias, content areas like English and Social Studies tests that are created offer test questions by the creator that are often very one sided. To further explain, you have to have taught your unit to the test in order for your students to be successful, whether or not your interpretation of the material matches the test creator.

The problem that exists with subjective subjects as well is that students may have interpreted material to fit their own prior knowledge. Although they perhaps learned a new skill along the way such as a literary element for an important date in time, the factual material is not always all that s tested on. Studies show that in these digitally generated tests, students usually perform quite well when tested on hard, tangible material but often do quite poorly on comprehension type questions, not because they don t comprehend the question but because their interpretation of the material does not match that of the test generators.

Teachers should not fully rely on these test generators to create tests for students. A variety of personally written questions combined with the test generated questions would be the best alternative. There are most certainly questions that these software programs generate that are extremely well written. Combining teacher written questions along with the software programs will offer a more valid test as teacher questions can reflect a certain aspect of the unit while the test generators questions can offer another point of view.

Another program that has recently caught the attention of teachers is essay graders. While the test generators can truly be useful to creating more well-rounded tests, I urge all educators to avoid essay graders, at least with the current programs available. A number of colleagues and I conducted an experiment using our textbooks essay grading software a couple of years ago (the same software the company still promotes today). The program picked up on all spelling errors and many grammatical errors but failed to identify issues with essay organization, content, and most importantly plagiarism identification. Granted, the program was likely not designed to go so into depth with grading an essay, its short-comings are quite noticeable. Perhaps in the future, these programs will gain a bit more credibility, but for the time being, you re better off just grading your own essays!

As technology continues to develop on a day-to-day basis, the issues with these programs will likely disappear. For now, it is best to still rely on yourself and what you know you ve taught your students to create solid and credible tests and accurately grade student essays.


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Islam - Essay - Fundamentals and History

There are few people on earth today who have not heard something about Islam. Islam is one of the most prominent religions in the world today with at least 750 million people practicing. Islam is a voluntary relationship between an individual and his creator. Islam emerged in Arabia during the early 7th century. Islam means "submission" in Arabic, which is the basis for the religion---submitting to the Will of God. Islamic religion is formed on the foundations of Islamic life, variety and unity is Islam, and Islam and its nonbelievers. The Islamic people had a new faith in their religion and kept their hopes high to conquer and spread the religion. They changed the society that was used across the lands and brought a new religion that would keep the people high in assurance that they'll always have a good spirit.

The foundations of Islamic life are based on a sacred text called the Qu'ran. The Qu'ran is a record of the exact words revealed by God through the Angel Gabriel to the Prophet Muhammad. The Qu'ran is the prime source of every Muslims' faith and practice. It deals with all the subjects which concern us as human beings: wisdom, doctrine, worship, and law, but its basic theme is the relationship between God and his creatures. At the same time it provides guidelines for a just society, proper human conduct and an equitable economic system. From the time the Qu'ran was revealed, until this day there has always been a large number of Muslims who have memorized all of the Qu'ran, letter by letter. Not one letter of the Qu'ran has been changed over the centuries.

Another source for the basis of Islamic life is al-Hadith, or sunnah. This is a vast body of transmitted stories and sayings attributed to the Prophet and his comparisons. Unlike the Qu'ran, these stories are not assembled in a single, absolutely accepted text. There are actually many collections of Hadith. Over time, during the first few centuries of Islam, it became obvious that many so-called hadith were in fact spurious sayings that had been fabricated for various motives, at best to encourage believers to act righteously and at worse to corrupt believers' understanding of Islam and to lead them astray. Since Islamic legal scholars were utilizing hadith as an adjunct to the Qu'ran in their development of the Islamic legal system, it became critically important to have reliable collections of hadith. While the early collections of hadith often contained hadith that were of questionable origin, gradually collections of authenticated hadith called sahih were compiled. Such collections were made possible by the development of the science of hadith criticism, a science at the basis of which was a critical analysis of the chain of (oral) transmission (isnad) of the hadith going all the way back to Muhammad. The two most highly respected collections of hadith are the authenticated collections the Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim. In addition to these, four other collections came to be well respected, although not to the degree of Bukhari and Muslim's sahih collections. These four other collections are the Sunan of Tirmidhi, Nasa'i, Ibn Majah, and Abu Da'ud. Together these four and the two sahih collections are called the "six books" (al-kutub al-sitta). Two other important collections, in particular, are the Muwatta of Ibn Malik, the founder of the Maliki School of law, and the Musnad of Ahmad ibn Hanbal, the founder of the Hanbali School of law.


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